2.6 Questions

1- 1974

2- They set up evacuation and medical centres

3- The National Disaster Organisation is a federal government body and it became involved with cyclone Tracy to help restore basic services to Darwin

4- To save lives

5- 80.459% of Darwin’s population were evacuated

6- Houses in all cyclone-prone areas of Australia must adhere to strict building codes to withstand cyclone. Also lessons have been taught how to prepare against this hazard

7- On the 29^th of August Hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf of Mexico and the state of Louisiana in the United States. It killed over 1400 people and flooded large areas of New Orleans

8- When the hurricane hit, the storm surge combined with the low-lying nature of the New Orleans meaning that 80% of the city became flooded.

9- All levels of Government were criticised for the slow and disorganised response to the hazard

10- The NDO was quick and organised to send out food supplies and medical services while the FEMA was criticised for being slow and took days to send out food supplies

11-

12-

a)      Cyclone Tracy was heading at a fast speed South-East straight through Darwin

2.7 Questions- Destruction by Tropical Cyclone Larry

1. On the 20^th of March, the eye of Cyclone Larry crossed the coast near Innisfail between 6:20am and 7:20am.

2. They experienced the greatest damage because it caused major flooding and left many communities isolated for several days.

3. Public infrastructure are things such as roads, rail and air transport that the public uses. The damage was brought on the infrastructure made if very difficult to transport nessessities such as food, water and shelter to the effected areas.

4. The total damage bill as AU $350 million.

5. Cyclone Larry destroyed 85% of the banana crops in North Queensland. It left thousands of people without employment and $298.4 million were lost from the destruction of the crops.

6. The Emergency Management Australia and State Emergency Service both help to produce information brochures on natural hazards and run community workshops to ensure that people are well prepared.

7. Emergency Management Australia, State Emergency Service, Australian Defence Force, charities and government departments.

8. They helped the coordination of the recovery effort and helped provide large quantities of resources needed to remove danger and repair damage.

9. Major General Peter Cosgrove. He would need to have good leadership qualities and be able to organise large groups of people to help with the recovery effort. He would need patience as the recovery would take time.

10.

11. It would interrupt the supply of bananas for weeks and maybe months as so much of the crop was lost and many factories exporting the bananas would be impossible to get to with the flooding.

12. a) 800km

b) 66.6 km/h

c) It was downgraded to a tropical low at 1am on March 20^th. This is because the wind had lost its momentum that it gained over the sea.

d) It travelled around 1000km inland before it receded.  

2.5 Questions – Tropical Cyclones

1) If the air pressure in the upper atmosphere is relatively high it will limit the altitude that the warm, moist air can rise to. This high pressure causes the rising air to spiral outwards thus forming a tropical cyclone.

2) They form in the tropic of Capricorn throughout November through April.

3) The most areas that are at risk in Australia are Queensland and the Northern Territory.

4) 6 are likely to cross the Australia’s coastline per year.

5) The other names for tropical cyclones are Typhoons and Hurricanes.

6) Tropical cyclones develop in the tropical regions of the world. Heat from the sun causes warm, moist air to rise into the atmosphere. As the air rises, a low pressure system forms and condensation occurs, which releases latent heat causing the air to rise further into the atmosphere is high, then the rising column of warm air will spiral outwards in the upper atmosphere and air will rush from the surface to replace it, forming a tropical cyclone.

7) The eye of a tropical cyclone is the middle where there is a pipe-like hollow centre. 

8)

9) The tropical cyclone is downgraded to a tropical storm when it moves to cooler water and loses its energy supply of warm, moist air.

Questions

What is it about the pressure system stalled over Australia that relates to the weather over the next 4 days?

There is a high pressure system over Australia with clear skies and stable conditions

What is the air pressure in each of the next 4 days for each of the capital cities? How does this correspond with the predicted weather for these cities?

There is a high pressure system going over Australia meaning that there is generally stable conditions and clear skies. But on the coasts of Australia there are some shaded areas meaning that there is going to be mild precipitation.

Questions

What is the contour interval (sometimes abbreviated CI)? Convert to metric

What is the scale of the map? Convert it into the metric system

What is the gradient of the line? Calculate in metric system

2.8 Questions

1
a)
i. 1016
ii. 1012
iii. 1016
iv. 1020

b) Brisbane

c) In the next 24 hours in Melbourne it is going to be cool conditions and there will also be a bit of rain.

d)
i. Wind
ii. Precipitation
iii. Wind and Precipitation

e) Hobart because as you can see on the map the winds are heading towards Hobart which is closer to it than Sydney. It is also in the centre of the wind meaning the strong winds will hit it.

2.2 Questions

1- The sliding down of a mass of earth or rock from a mountain or cliff
2- Landslides are caused through heavy rainfall, slumping of saturated earth and they are also caused due to undercutting by waves
3-  Construction of roads and railways on hillsides along with building works can weaken hillsides and make them more vulnerable during heavy rain which causes landslides
4- A sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action. They are measured using a Richter scale  
5- The cause of earthquakes in Australia is intra-plate tension where movements occur along cracks and faults in the Earth's crust
6- We experience it every 15 months and it doesn't effect Australia because we are in the centre of the epicentre 
7- It killed 13 people and injured 120 people with a Richter scale of 5.6
8- Earthquakes are caused by tectonic plates and landslides are caused by the weather
9- When an earthquake, landslide or volcano occurs under the sea it can trigger a Tsunami
10- Shake, Drop and Roar (Earthquakes, landslides or Volcanoes)
11- A Tsunami is formed when the earth shakes and creates Tsunami waves, then you see the water retreat back exposing sea life, then  often as the Tsunami can be heard as it approaches the shore because it makes a roaring sound.
12- Shake- Feeling of an Earthquake
Drop- Retreat of water'
Roar- Roar of the water
13- An undersea Earthquake
14- There are 23 monitoring stations in Australia and it took 20 minutes for one of these stations to pick up the Tsunami
15- The Tsunami grows when it reaches shallow water and makes a roaring sound
16- The United Nations set up a warning system for the Indian Ocean
17- Ted Bryant is a geoscience professor and warns the people that Earthquakes come every 500 years
18- 
a) 10N 100E
b) i- 3 hours, ii- 10 hours, iii- 5 hours, iv-9 hours

Natural Hazards- Bush Fires

Economical Affects of a Bush Fire

• Farmers crops can be burnt and destroyed therefore loss of income
• Houses can be burnt down and many people can't afford to rebuild/repair
• Hard to get to because normally in the bush/ it costs a lot to put out and to get to
• The farming industry is affected and less food is produced for people therefore food has to be imported costing a lot of money
• Insurance companies lose a lot of money and it affects the insurance industry

Social Affects of a Bush Fire

• Peoples family may be lost in the bush fires and it can be difficult to get through
• Their house and everything they have ever owned would be destroyed making it hard to start again.
• Their community with all of their shops and community places could be lost therefore it can affect a community as a whole
• Their friends may have died affecting their relationships with their friends in the community
• If they are in heavily populated bushland area and away from the rest of the country isolation for a while would occur

Environmental Affects of a Bush Fire

• Animals can get wiped out and may get extinct which would stop the food chain 
• Plants can get wiped out and may even become extinct 
• Lots of carbon dioxide which would poison the oxygen in the air and makes it harder to breath
• Injure of different species
• Uninhabitable land which can mean that some plants and animals can't thrive in the environment