7.8

1. The coastal dune management area is located in New South Wales at Stuart Point.
2. 1893- A large flood caused the Macleay River to break through the sand barrier at South West Rocks creating another entrance for the river.
1965 May- Soil Conservation Service provided native plant seedlings and planting advice which was the start of the re-vegetation program for the dunes.
1965 August- Cattle started to grazed and destroy the vegetation program.
1970- Soil Conservation Service of NSW was established

7.7

1. State governments

2. The Queensland government- Pays a 1/4 of the total of running and maintaining the sand bypassing system and carries out navigational dredging to keep open the river entrance.
The New South Wales government- Pays one half of the cost of running, is in charge of the sand bypassing system.
Gold Coast City Council- Pays a 1/4 of the total of running and maintaining the sand bypassing system, approval to carry out a certain amount of beach nourishment.

3. 2nd of June 1989- State ministers met to develop a cooperative approach to the issue of the Tweed River.
February 2000- Construction of the sand bypass scheme commenced.
March 2001- Scheme was completed and operational

4. The NSW government decided to halve the payments required while being given certain positions. The Queensland government and Gold City Council decided to half the other payment and each pay a quarter while receiving some duties. I believe this is fair because the NSW government decided to be apart of this scheme and should pay half.

5. The opportunities that the residents are given is to use the beaches and areas that are being managed by the scheme so that the governments and council can understand how the residents will use the area and what changes may need to happen.

7.4

1. Coastal management involves people creating solutions and strategies to minimise the environmental effects that humans put into the coastal region.

2. Sea Walls- Used to stop erosion of the coastline and protect property.
Breakwaters- Constructed at all the entrances to rivers, they extend into the ocean in order to stabilise river entrances.
Groynes- Constructed along beaches to catch sand and make beaches wider.
Fences- To ensure adequate access to the beach while protecting the vegetation that stabilises the sand-dunes.

3.

Brief Description of management strategy	Advantages	Disadvantages
Sea Walls- Used to stop erosion of the coastline and protect property.	Helps protect coastal property and land with vegetation.	Does not look very nice and a scenic thing to see around a beach.
Breakwaters- Constructed at all the entrances to rivers, they extend into the ocean in order to stabilise river entrances.	Helps stabilise river entrances. Safe access for boating. Keep river entrances clear of sand-build up.	Alter the patterns of erosion, transportation and deposition of sand along the coastline.
Beach nourishment-Involves the movement of sand by machines.	Helps to keep beaches even with the amount of sand that is deposited.	Can be very expensive and needs to be ongoing.
Coastal Dune preservation-Strategies are implemented to protect these dunes which play a vital role in the coastal environment.	Keep the dunes safe from environmental impacts by humans.

4. Because many management techniques work hand in hand with some management strategies which make them more effective and useful.

7.2 Questions

   7.2 Questions

   1)  Waves are formed in three stages by the action of the wind blowing across the ocean.    First the wind forms ripples, then these form wavelets and finally waves.

   2) The fetch is the distance the wind travels over the ocean to form a wave. It is an important factor in determining the size and speed of a wave as it is influenced by the strength of the wind and the length of the fetch.

   3) Waves in the open waves cause things to move in an up and down motion only and tend to be contained and have a longer wavelength. Waves closer to the shore interact with the sea floor causing the speed to decrease, the wavelength to decrease and the top of the wave to travel faster than the base, cracking the wave.

   4)    

5)       

                     

    6) Spilling Waves: These are fairly light waves which break far from the shore on beaches with gentle slopes.

Plunging Waves: Break on beaches where the slope is moderately steep. These are waves which create tubes for surfers to surf in.

Surging Waves: Occur on very steep beaches. The waves role up the steep face rather than breaking over it. They cause erosion.

   7)Wind Swell: Marked by a short wavelength and high frequency of waves hitting the coast.

Ground Swell: Has a longer wavelength and the waves hit the coast less frequently.

   

     9) 

 The three types of waves are:

Surging Waves – Don’t worry these are harmless and are found in very deep beach slopes with little waves.

Spilling Waves – These are slightly stronger than Surging Waves and are found in very shallow waters which break far from the coast.

Plunging Waves – These are very strong so be careful. These are found in moderately steep waters which cause tubes where surfers surf.

     10) Today was a mild day and sunny day. As the time passed by the temperature began to rise and the wind started to pick up. by late afternoon there were some Ground swells so i put some flags up to indicate areas to swim in. As everyone left at 4 o clock lightning began to strike and the wind picked up immensely and in the distance i could see that there were cyclones beggining to form. This made me decide to close the beach for the rest of the day.

Chapter 7.1

1) Currently there is a trend for people to move from large cities to smaller coastal towns and villages where the lifestyle is more relaxed. This has caused a negative affect on the coastal line because the population is rising meaning that there is an increase in pollution. This can cause a health risk to humans. Also recreational activities like four-wheel driving places pressure on the infrastructure and environment of the area. If not carefully managed large dunes areas and beaches can be highly susceptible to erosion.
2) Because of all the inappropriate development the government now includes strict rules in an effort to ensure appropriate development. However, there are still poorly planned developments that alter the natural environment.
3) When Australians move from large cities to smaller coastal towns and villages where lifestyle is more relaxed
4) Some towns have imposed residential caps or a population ceiling for their town in an effort to stop over development of the area.
5) Inappropriate development, Pollution, Population Growth, Tourism and recreational pressures

Ghost Tree Some say its scarier than Maverick's, heavier than Waimea Bay and  among the most dangerous waves in the world.   Wave faces can  reach heights of 70 feet, with a tube that stretches as long as a  football pitch across a boneyard of black rock.   In 2007 this spot sadly claimed the life of a local surfer-it is a serious wave. Ghost Tree is located near Monterey Bay, California, just off the 18th hole at Pebble Beach Golf Links.   In the four years since it was first  towed into, it has become one of the planet's most discussed surf spots and from this picture you can see why.

   

23/10/2011 Ghost Tree Sea Water Temperature is: 15.0 °C (59 °F)  Statistics for 23 Oct (1981–2005) – mean: 14.7 °C, range: 13.6 °C to 16.6 °C (mean 58 °F, range: 56 °F to 62 °F)

Sunny with pleasantly warm air temperatures (feels like 24 °C / 75 °F) at Ghost Tree, yet the sea remains several degrees colder than the air. Most surfers will need a spring wetsuit though a summer suit or even a shorty may suffice for a short session. Map of current United States Surface Water Temperatures based on measurements from oceanographic satellites Map of current United States Sea Water Temperature Anomalies (compared with long term averages at this time of year) Below is a graph of Historical Sea Surface Temperature for Ghost Tree. This has been derived from analysis of two decades of oceanographic satellite measurements of nearby open water. We have calculated the average water temperature variation around the year as well as the extremes that have been observed on each date. All of the graphs for the surf breaks presented on Surf-Forecast.com are on the same scale to enable comparison between locations around the world. Ghost Tree sea water temperatures peak in the range 14 to 18°C (57 to 64°F) on around the 22nd of September and are at their minimum on about the 7th of April, in the range 11 to 14°C (52 to 57°F). The warmest seasonal sea water temperatures at Ghost Tree in the second half of September lend themselves to a 4/3mm wetsuit or a 3/2mm suit and 3mm neoprene boots. The minimum sea water temperatures at Ghost Tree in the first part of April are ideally suited to a 4/3mm wetsuit + 3mm boots, although a 5/3mm wetsuit may be preferable for longer sessions and cold windy days. Actual sea surface water temperatures close to shore at Ghost Tree can vary by several degrees compared with these open water averages. This is especially true after heavy rain, close to river mouths or after long periods of strong offshore winds. Offshore winds cause colder deep water to replace surface water that has been warmed by the sun. Air temperature, wind-chill and sunshine should also be considered before deciding on the kind of wetsuit needed to stay warm when surfing at Ghost Tree. Refer to our detailed weather forecasts for this information.

Chapter 4.3

1. Federal- The Australian Government's Department of Transport and Regional Services.
State- The NSW Department of State and Regional Development Funds

2. Sense of Place Program and Townlife Development Program

3. The rural transaction centre is the first ever community-owned post office in Australia created by the towns people of Gulargambone after there was threat of closure of the local post office. It is important because it provides needs of the community


4. The GRTC is a first community-owned post office in Australia. It offers Giro post, Centre link, Medicare, Internet access and the reliance credit union along with the usual postal services and a small but modern gift shop


5. Community groups have have lobbied government and non-government organisations for funding and assistance. Without the proactive attitude of the community and individuals, Gulargambone would not have the services and facilities that are available today.


6. 
1) To increase the population and services that are available
2) To improve the visual appearance of the town
3) To promote Gulargambone


7) The two eight two eight project involved the restoration of the former picture theatre into a vibrant and multi-faceted community centre.


8) 
The opening of the rural transaction centre
Lobbying for and receiving a new multi-purpose health centre
The 'Back to Gulargambone reunion'


9) Coonabamble Shire Council has provided funding and help with many of the projects undertaken in Gulargambone including dollar-for-dollar funding for repainting the shops in the main street  and funding the feasibility study for the Rural Transaction Centre. It has been supportive of the Gulargambone ahead program and has provided assistance for the many projects 


10) The changes that have occurred include:
- New textures used to build the building
- Different colours used to produce the building
- Crack have been filled leaving the building look attractive
But overall their has only been a slight improvement between the two buildings 


11) Active citizenship is extremely important to the little town of Gulargambone. Many individuals have been involved in the many projects mentioned earlier. The town relies heavily on volunteers who run the two eight two eight cafe and the library and who give up their time to make sure that Gulargambone survives despite rural decline.


12) 
a) The article is about the community coming together in order to save their town known as Gulargambone
b) The downturn in rural economy  and the ravages of drought
c) Over a couple of decades, the residents saw their busy main street drained of its energy as one shop after another closed, banks left town and services were removed
d) The threat of closing the post-office
e) Because it was the only post-office close to the community
f) Old picture theatre, a cafe, gift shop, exhibition centre, and best of all, regular movie nights